How is ICMP used an exfiltration technique?

 ICMP is a protocol that is used to send diagnostic messages between hosts on a network. It is not designed to carry any data, but it can be abused by attackers to exfiltrate data from a compromised host. By encrypting the payload in an ICMP packet, the attacker can hide the data from network monitoring tools and firewalls that may not inspect ICMP traffic. The attacker can then use another tool to decrypt the data from the ICMP packets on a remote host. This technique is known as ICMP tunneling and it is a form of protocol tunneling (MITRE T1572: Protocol Tunneling1). References:

1: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572/

2: https://www.cynet.com/attack-techniques-hands-on/how-hackers-use-icmp-tunneling-to-own-your-network/

3: https://digital-security.quodagis.fr/ressources/ressource/exfiltration-de-donnees-les-techniques-icmp-et-dns-tunneling-855