Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis is least useful for:

GIS excels at spatial analysis but is less effective for behavioral predictions like consumer choice. Option C (identifying the shopping center a household will use) involves individualpreferences, which GIS cannot directly predict—it can map proximity, but not choice. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” states, “GIS is least useful for predicting consumer behavior, such as which shopping center a household will use, as this requires behavioral data beyond spatial analysis.” Options A (distances), B (shortest path), and D (grocery store service areas) are spatial tasks GIS handles well. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “GIS is less effective for predicting household shopping choices, which depend on non-spatial factors,” supporting option C.