Which of the following is NOT an element that is generally required to establish a...

The correct answer is A. The CFE Manual explains that to recover for intentional infliction of emotional distress, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant engaged in extreme and outrageous conduct, that the defendant acted intentionally or recklessly, and that the victim actually suffered emotional or mental distress as a result of the defendant’s conduct. These core elements match options B, C, and D.

There is no general requirement that the distress must have lasted for at least two years. That time-based condition is not one of the recognized elements listed in the CFE Law section. The Manual instead focuses on the nature of the conduct and the causal connection between that conduct and the victim’s injury. It also notes that the conduct must be sufficiently outrageous to exceed the bounds tolerated by civilized society and that mere insults or ordinary upset are not enough. Additionally, the Manual emphasizes that actionable claims require proof of serious, visible, and provable harm. Still, none of those requirements impose a fixed minimum duration such as two years. Accordingly, A is the only choice that is not a required element of this common law tort.