For projects developing products in the Back End, the Operations team will plan out all...

In GInI’sCInP Handbook, the Back End for product projects involves the Operations team detailing "manufacture, assembly, supply-chain, and quality assurance"—core operational elements to bring a product to market. Manufacture covers production processes, assembly integrates components, supply-chain ensures material flow, and quality assurance maintains standards. Option A, "component/sub-assembly/final assembly," is narrower, focusing only on production stages. Option C, "sales and marketing," and Option D, "sales," extend beyond Operations’ scope into commercial functions, handled by other teams. Option B precisely matches GInI’s description of Operations’ Back End role, aligning with the original answer. This reflects GInI’s division of labor, where Operations executes the physical realization of the innovation, a practical application of systems thinking to ensure seamless delivery.