What is required through the "circle of care" concept under Canadian health information privacy law?

The "circle of care" concept under Canadian health information privacy law refers to the ability of health information custodians to assume implied consent when disclosing personal health information (PHI) to other health information custodians for the purpose of providing health care. This concept allows for the seamless sharing of PHI among providers like doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, who are directly involved in the care of the individual, without requiring express consent for each exchange of information within this circle. The principle is based on the assumption that the disclosure is made in the patient's best interests for their ongoing care. Therefore, the correct answer is D, "Consent must be expressed or implied when a custodian discloses personal health information (PHI) to another custodian for the purpose of providing health care."