A company seeking to hire engineers in Silicon Valley ran an ad campaign targeting women...

The scenario describes an ad campaign targeting a specific demographic (women in a certain age range) in the San Francisco Bay Area. This kind of targeted ad campaign can lead to "lost opportunity" as defined by Calo’s objective privacy harms. When a company narrows its candidate search to such specific criteria, it effectively excludes individuals who do not fit these criteria, thereby denying them the opportunity to apply for the positions. This kind of exclusion can be particularly harmful if the criteria are based on characteristics like gender and age, leading to potential discrimination and bias in hiring practices. According to Calo, lost opportunities due to such discriminatory targeting can result in significant privacy harm. This is further supported by IAPP's guidelines on avoiding discrimination in data practices.