Detailed Explanation:
The correct answer is C. Systems as chains.
The Theory of Constraints (TOC) commonly describes organizations or processes as chains, where the performance of the whole system is limited by its weakest link. This metaphor is central to TOC and helps explain why system performance depends on the constraint rather than on the isolated optimization of every individual part.
The idea of systems as chains means:
the system can only perform as well as its main constraint allows,
improving non-constraint areas may not improve overall results,
and the key to improvement is identifying and managing the weakest link.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Empowered employees
This may be part of organizational culture or management practice, but it is not a defining TOC phrase.
B. Root cause analysis
Root cause analysis is a general problem-solving method, not a distinctive phrase used to describe TOC.
D. Statistical process control
SPC is a quality control method for monitoring variation, not a phrase associated with TOC.
Quality Management Excellence reference basis:
This answer is consistent with Quality Management Excellence principles of:
systems thinking,
identifying limiting factors,
and improving performance by focusing on the true system constraint.
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