Which of the following models explains how accidents happen in complex systems?

According to the CTSC Ex-am Content Manual1,the Swiss cheese model is one of the accident models that explains how accidents happen in complex systems. The model compares the system to a stack of slices of Swiss cheese, where each slice represents a layer of defense or protection against hazards. The holes in the cheese represent weaknesses or failures in each layer. Normally, the holes do not align and the system is safe. However, when the holes align, a hazard can penetrate through the layers and cause an accident. The model illustrates how multiple factors and conditions can combine to create a pathway for an accident.

1: https://www.ascm.org/ctsc-ecm/