Given: John Smith uses a coffee shop's Internet hot-spot (no authentication or encryption) to transfer...

John's bank is using an expired X.509 certificate on their web server. The certificate is on John's Certificate Revocation List (CRL), causing the user ID and password to be sent unencrypted.

John uses the same username and password for banking that he does for email. John used a POP3 email client at the wireless hot-spot to check his email, and the user ID and password were not encrypted.

John accessed his corporate network with his IPSec VPN software at the wireless hot-spot. An IPSec VPN only encrypts data, so the user ID and password were sent in clear text. John uses the same username and password for banking that he does for his IPSec VPN software.

The bank’s web server is using an X.509 certificate that is not signed by a root CA, causing the user ID and password to be sent unencrypted.

Before connecting to the bank’s website, John’s association to the AP was hijacked. The attacker intercepted the HTTPS public encryption key from the bank’s web server and has decrypted John’s login credentials in near real-time.