The correct answers are C. Bradycardia and D. Altered mental status.
This question focuses on distinguishing respiratory distress from respiratory failure in pediatric patients.
Respiratory distress = compensating (early signs)
Respiratory failure = decompensating (late, life-threatening signs)
Why C is correct (Bradycardia):
In children, bradycardia is a late and ominous sign of hypoxia.
It indicates the patient is decompensating and nearing respiratory arrest.
Why D is correct (Altered mental status):
Indicates inadequate oxygenation and/or ventilation to the brain.
A hallmark of respiratory failure, not just distress.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Coughing → Nonspecific, not indicative of failure
B. Tachypnea → Early compensatory sign of respiratory distress
E. Increased work of breathing → Also an early sign of distress, not failure
Exact Extracts:
“Respiratory failure is indicated by altered mental status and signs of poor oxygenation.”
“Bradycardia in pediatric patients is a late sign of hypoxia.”
“Increased work of breathing and tachypnea are signs of respiratory distress.”
[References:, NREMT EMT Education Standards – Airway, Respiration & Ventilation , National EMS Education Standards – Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies , NREMT Candidate Handbook – Patient Assessment , ==========================================, , , ]
