Which of the following are signs or symptoms of a hypertensive emergency?

For this one, focus on what makes hypertension an emergency rather than just a high blood pressure reading: evidence of acute end-organ involvement . Two important clues are headache from possible neurologic involvement and orthopnea from possible acute pulmonary edema/heart failure . Authoritative references on hypertensive emergency describe it as severe hypertension with target-organ damage such as pulmonary edema and neurologic symptoms, and headache is a common presenting complaint while orthopnea points to pulmonary congestion. ( NCBI )

So in an EMT testing context, the best two choices are B. Orthopnea and E. Headache because they fit the pattern of a hypertensive crisis with serious organ-system effects, not just isolated elevated blood pressure. ( NCBI )