(Multiple choice) Which of the following measures can be adopted by GPON in terms of...

GPON traffic policing/shaping is commonly applied at multiple layers:

T-CONT rate control (T-CONT-CAR): controls upstream bandwidth per T-CONT.

GEM-port rate control (GEM-CAR): limits per GEM port.

Service flow rate control (Flow-CAR): enforces per-service policies.

GEM mapping is a forwarding association (service→GEM) and not itself a rate-control mechanism.