Which of the following are likely indicators of ineffective change management?

Which of the following are likely indicators of ineffective change management?

1) IT management is unable to predict how a change will impact interdependent systems or business processes.

2) There have been significant increases in trouble calls or in support hours logged by programmers.

3) There is a lack of turnover in the systems support and business analyst development groups.

4) Emergency changes that bypass the normal control process frequently are deemed necessary.