Due to software licensing, a company has a requirement to only deploy certain apps to...

To meet the requirement of a single desktop image without "installing apps in the image and hiding them" (which excludes Application Masking, Option D), and avoiding "double-hop sessions" (which excludes Application Publishing, Option B), the correct solution is Application Layering.

Application Layering (such as Citrix App Layering or similar technologies supported on Nutanix) allows applications to be packaged into separate virtual disks (layers). These layers are attached to the OS at runtime based on user identity or group membership. This keeps the base image clean and generic while delivering specific apps to specific users, satisfying all conditions in the scenario.