In the context of the regulation of professions in Canada, which of the following statements...

Professional discipline in Canada is an administrative/regulatory process established under provincial/territorial legislation, not a criminal proceeding, so A is false. Statutes explicitly empower regulators to investigate complaints, conduct hearings, and impose sanctions to protect the public interest, so B is false. Disciplinary processes are formal and must follow procedural fairness (natural justice): notice of allegations, opportunity to respond, an impartial decision-maker, and reasoned decisions. While the standard of proof is generally the civil standard (balance of probabilities), the seriousness of allegations and consequences typically demand a careful, rigorous process and persuasive evidence—often described in NPPE materials as a “high level of procedural rigour.” Therefore, C is correct in capturing that discipline is conducted with strict process requirements and meaningful evidentiary scrutiny. D is false because remedial outcomes such as mandatory education, training, mentorship/supervision, practice limitations, and competence upgrading can be imposed as part of discipline or related remedial orders, in addition to reprimands, fines, suspension, or cancellation.