What function must a pen or pencil perform?

Function Analysis in Value Methodology involves identifying and classifying functions using verb-noun combinations, as taught in the VMF 1 course (Core Competency #2). The basic function of an item is its primary purpose—what it must do to fulfill its intended use. According to SAVE International’s Value Methodology Standard, “functions should be defined in broad, measurable terms (verb-noun format) to capture the core purpose.” For a pen or pencil, the basic function is the most fundamental action it performs. A pen or pencil mustmark surface, as this captures the essential action of leaving a visible trace (e.g., ink or graphite) on a surface (e.g., paper), which is the core purpose of both tools, regardless of their specific use (writing, drawing, etc.).

Option A (Write documents) is incorrect because writing documents is a specific application, not the basic function; a pen can also draw or mark without writing a document.

Option B (Color surface) is incorrect because coloring implies adding color, which is not the primary function of a standard pen or pencil (e.g., a pencil typically uses graphite, not color).

Option C (Mark surface) is correct, as it defines the basic function of a pen or pencil in the broadest, most fundamental terms, encompassing all uses (writing, drawing, marking).

Option D (Convey message) is incorrect because conveying a message is a higher-level outcome, not the basic function; a pen can mark a surface without conveying a message (e.g., a random scribble).