Scenario:A data processing tool crashed when a user added more data to the buffer than...

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Intrinsic vulnerabilities are inherent flaws in a system, software, or tool. In this case, the inability to bound-check arrays is an inherent weakness of the software, making it an intrinsic vulnerability. This aligns with ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A Control A.8.9 (Configuration Management), which mandates secure software design and validation practices.

Extrinsic vulnerabilities arise due to external factors (e.g., misconfigurations or lack of security patches).

Buffer overflow is a vulnerability, not a threat, because it represents a weakness that can be exploited by an attacker.