During a large real estate project, what are the expenses of planning, design, construction, operation,...

Life-cycle costing (LCC) accounts for all costs associated with a building throughout its lifespan, including:

Initial costs (planning, design, construction).

Operational costs (utilities, maintenance, repairs).

End-of-life costs (renovation, decommissioning, disposal).

LCC enables informed decision-making by comparing long-term cost implications of different design and material choices, supporting sustainable and cost-effective facility management​.